Racial Profiling, Discrimination, And Discrimination

While America enjoys believing that the days of minority discrimination are long over, the reality is different. The law does protect minorities from overt instances of discrimination, but the society nonetheless maintains a double standard in terms of how minorities are generally treated and perceived. In plain terms, and despite how the population of the nation has become so diverse, bias continues to exist and blacks, Asians, Latin Americans, gays, and other minority groups face prejudice and marginalization. As an example, racial profiling by the police continues to be both practiced and largely defended by law enforcement. If one social behavior most reflects how this widespread minority discrimination is practiced, however, it is the ironic one of denial. More exactly, and as blatantly seen in all media, a kind of condescension is in place regarding minorities, in which American society asserts just how oblivious it is to any racial or other differences. According to medi a, not only are minorities firmly entrenched within the society, they enjoy exactly the same status as any mainstream, white population. Even as this occurs, moreover, it then somehow becomes acceptable to revert to stereotypical – and demeaning – humor. As the following explores, America s minorities today suffer from a double-edged sword of bias; the prejudices remain, but are cloaked within a pretense of equality and full understanding. Discussion In order to understand how and whyShow MoreRelatedRacial Discrimination And Racial Profiling1524 Words   |  7 Pages In our society today, racial discrimination and inequality continues to be an issue. Regardless of the advancements we make in our society in terms of race, discrimination is something that can not simply be erased. The conflict with discrimination is evident when we look at the issue of racial profiling. Racial profiling refers to the treatment of an individual based on their race or ethnicity (Statistics of Racial Profiling 1). It is often a tool being used by law enforcement when deciding toRead MoreRacial Profiling And Racial Discrimination1822 Words   |  8 Pageswonder what is racial profiling. Racial profiling deals with miss-education, slavery, and incarceration. Since the beginning of slavery African Americans have suffered due to their identity. Racial profiling deals with selecting a person for their complaint of a specific racial group. The main reason in advocating racial profiling in the background of criminal study can enlarge the possibility of arresting criminals. Paul Bou-Habib stated, â€Å"If the rate at which members of a specific racial group commitsRead MoreRacial Profiling and Racial Discrimination Should be Illegal1369 Words   |  6 Pagespoll by ABC News, 74% of African Americans polled have experienced racial discrimination. On the other hand, only 30% of whites have experienced racial discrimination (ABC). Empirical evidence confirms the existence of racial profiling on American roadways. At the national level, the U.S. Department of Labors Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that in 2005, â€Å"police actions taken during a traffic stop were not uniform across racial and ethnic categories. Black drivers (4.5%) were twice as likelyRead MoreRacial Profiling Is A Special Case Of Discrimination800 Words   |  4 PagesRacial Profiling According to a report conducted by Prejudice Institute (2001), â€Å"Racial Profiling,† racial profiling is a special case of discrimination. The concern with profiling began, and is primarily, focused, on police stopping motorists and searching their vehicles because of the driver s ethnicity. This is where the term â€Å"Driving while Black† came to light in 1989. Such actual unconventional policies exist in many police departments. Uncovering it often depends on the testimony of the officerRead MoreWindy City Racial Profiling Is An Act Of Discrimination Essay2459 Words   |  10 PagesWINDY CITY RACIAL PROFILING 1 Windy City Racial Profiling Edin Hodzic Loyola University Chicago Introduction Racial profiling is an act of discrimination committed by law enforcement officials in which they target certain individuals with the suspicion of a crime due to their race, religion, and culture. In racial profiling, individuals are suspected of committing a crime solely because of their appearance, which is associated to stereotypes of their people committing crimesRead MoreRace And Racial Relations : Racial Discrimination, Profiling, Criminalization, And Neighborhood Context Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagesand racial relations have been a historic battle in our society. Although racial relations have greatly improved within the last century, or even the last sixty years, racial perceptions still persist. These perceptions can be seen in several forms across society varying in intensity, policy and practice on an institutional level as well as an individual level. While racial relations can be taken positively in the form of equality, or negatively as segregation and prejudice ris e between racial groupsRead MoreRacial Profiling And Discrimination By Claudia Rankine s Citizen : An American Lyric Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesRacial profiling and discrimination is an underlining theme in Claudia Rankine’s Citizen: An American Lyric. The author uses everyday encounters to expose the harsh reality African American people live. Rankine’s perspective on racism is applicable to years dating from 1860 and to present day occurrences. Discrimination against African Americans is a continuing problem. Although slavery does not exist today, African Americans continually grieve the agony their ancestors faced throughout the CivilRead MoreRacism : Racism Or Racial Profiling923 Words   |  4 Pagesaddress the impact of racism to individuals and our community, and also further will discuss the nature of racism. Racism or racial profiling is like a cancer that is growing deep in our society. It is more like it’s been passed on from generation to generation, and nothing absolutely has been done about it. Sometimes I do ask myself this question if racism or racial profiling can ever be completely wiped out from the face of the planet earth? Due to what I have observed from the media and friendsRead MoreRace After The Internet by Lisa Nakamura and Peter Chow-White 1411 Words   |  6 PagesWhat makes people think it is acceptable to racially profile others? In almost any situation whether it is in public, in your own home or the internet most people seem to partake in racial profiling in one way or another. Typically this is done by discriminating someone purely based off of skin color or by stereotypes they may have heard in the past. But what does the internet have to do with this? There are a couple instances which have been shown throughout the media that are good examples of thisRe ad MoreHow Racial Profiling Led to the Death of Trayvon Martin821 Words   |  4 PagesRacial Profiling As I walk to the store to pick up snacks for the next half of the super bowl, I am trying to make it quick. I finally arrive at the store and quickly get my two favorite items, skittles and an ice tea. Thinking to myself that this is all I need, not knowing that it would be my last meal. On the walk back home, I have a feeling that I am being followed. I speed up. I turn around to find that a grown Hispanic man, mid-age, and heavily built is in fact, following me. In my head,

Comparison Of Alexander Hamilton And Thomas Jefferson

Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson were key Founding Fathers of America who contributed to its freedom and independence. Both men were influential leaders of their time whose visions for the future of the country were clearly contrasting. Hamilton believed for a strong federal government and an economy based on banking. While Jefferson desired for a nation to be controlled by the states and its people. Their competing visions for the United States are still in debate until this day. Although Jefferson’s ideas were significant to America, many of Hamilton’s philosophy still holds in today’s government. Alexander Hamilton was born in Charlestown, Nevis, in the West Indies on January 11, 1757 (or 1755), to James Hamilton and Rachel†¦show more content†¦George Washington had recognized Hamilton’s leadership abilities and promoted him as Lieutenant Colonel. He was also an innovator of military design, where he designed reports on the defects and h ow there could be improvement in the military. While Hamilton was working as an adviser for Washington, Hamilton had come to realize the Congress weaknesses, including jealousy between states, which he believed came from the Articles of Confederation (http://www.ushistory.org/). In 1782, Hamilton was convinced that establishing a strong central government was the key to achieving America’s independence. Alexander Hamilton wanted a national government that had complete political authority. Although Hamilton did not like state governments and wanted them to be eliminated, he knew it was not possible. Therefore, he proposed the idea of having the central government to have the most power, but allow the states to control many of their own rights and individuality. In collaboration with James Madison and John Jay, Hamilton wrote 51 essays out of 85 essays called â€Å"The Federalist Papers†. These essays explained and defended the new Constitution prior to its approval and with his effort, nine states agreed to ratify the Constitution. Alexander Hamilton led the Federalist Party, who believed in a centralized national government with strong economic roots, unlike Thomas Jefferson, who wanted a limited government. Hamilton also proposed toShow MoreRelatedA Comparison Of Hamilton And Alexander Hamilton1149 Words   |  5 PagesIn early 1790, Alexander Hamilton presented an idea that initially established the National Bank. While Hamilton’s plan was the best solution to the financial difficulties the United States faced, it received a large amount of criticism. Thomas Jefferson vehemently objected to Hamilton’s proposal mainly regarding the constitutionality of the National Bank. In this paper, I argue that Alexander Hamilton’s proposal for the National Bank was better than Thomas Jefferson’s because it created a path toRead MoreAnalysis Of Aaron Burr s The Duel With Alexander Hamilton 1697 Words   |  7 PagesDuel† with Alexander Hamilton. Not only was dueling illegal in 1804 in New Jersey, which is where the duel occurred, but Aaron Burr was the current Vice President of the United States of America taking part in an event that led to the death of Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton himself was one of the most powerful figures in the Federalist Party and was so well known within the party that his advocates believed that he emulated the political energy of George Washington, so the death of Hamilton was a shockRead MoreIn The United States, Voters Have The Choice Between Republican1494 Words   |  6 Pagesdebate over how the government should be ran, how big it should be, and how officials would be elected. Through this political turmoil, many agree that two men had strong voices in how the government should be shaped, Founding Fathers Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, and they, combined with the overall eventual setup of the government, are what led to the formation and sustaining of the two-party system that is present today. Studying the topic of the two-party system in America can be difficultRead MoreThe Fears Of The Federalists And The Jeffersonian Republicans852 Words   |  4 Pagespeople into two groups, the federalists and the Jeffersonian republicans. Alexander Hamilton led the federalists and Thomas Jefferson led the republicans. These two important men in history would later show how the challenges of becoming a new nation. In this essay I will be analyzing the ideas of Linda K. Kerber’s â€Å"The Fears of the Federalists,† to Drew R. McCoy’s â€Å"The Fears of the Jeffersonian Republicans.† Furthermore, comparisons will be made about both essays to gain a better understanding of theRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The United States1509 Words   |  7 Pagespeople were also being affected by the political and economic crisis; therefore this led them to be leery towards any type of change in government. The colonist’s fears were also justified due to the power of influential man, such as Madison, Hamilton, and Jefferson. These men had slightly different views than one another about how the government should be throughout the nation. Instead of seeing these men as those who had America’s best interest, they might of saw them as another king, which they didRead MoreFounding Brothers By Joseph J. Ellis1479 Words   |  6 PagesFocusing on the more important figures from the revolutionary era, who he calls â€Å"Founding Brothers†, a slight change from the original â€Å"Founding Fathers†. They are as follows: George Washington, John and Abigale Adams, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, Arron Burr, Alexander Hamilton, and Benjamin Franklin. In this book there’s 7 sections, each showing a different problem, which Ellis tries to explain in a neutral perspective using both foresight and hindsight. He tries to show the sense of urgency of theRead MoreResolutions For Amending The Constitution On Election Of The President1263 Words   |  6 Pagestwo hundred years past. The presidential election of 1800 was an angry, dirty, crisis-ridden contest that seemed to threaten the nation’s very survival. A bitter partisan battle between Federalist John Adams and Republican Thomas Jefferson, it produced a tie between Jefferson and his Republican running mate, Aaron Burr; a deadlock in the House where the tie had to be broken; an outburst of intrigue and suspicion as Federalists struggled to determine a course of action; Jefferson’s election; and Burr’sRead MoreEssay on Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson1029 Words   |  5 PagesFederalist supporters, also known as Hamiltonian Federalist, were lead by Alexander Hamilton who was the Secretary of Treasury under President Washington and a well off banker in the early Republic. With allies like President Washington and John Adams, he appealed to urban elite and business merchants who agreed with Hamilton’s ideas for commercial and financial strength. Using his strong connections with his wealthy supporters, Hamilton established networks in each state’s government, mainly with New EnglandRead MoreThe Greatest Era Of American History985 Words   |  4 Pagesall pale in comparison with my desire to meet and speak with the leaders of this nation. I could not imagine what it would feel like to see the founding fathers in flesh and blood while others only paintings, to shake hands with the men who signed their way into history, or to speak with those who have used their words to inspire millions. I would talk with George Washington about how he shaped a country, witness Thomas Jefferson draft the Declaration of Independence, or tap into Alexander Hamilton’sRead MoreAlexander Hamilton Revised866 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout Federalist #78, Alexander Hamilton discusses the importance of having a judiciary branch and the power of judicial review. An important consideration throughout the decision of having judiciary review was appointing the judges and deciding on the tenure in office. There was high concern about these judges being unelected and serving for life. People thought this would lead to them being more corrupt and less likely to base their decisions around what the people really want and need. There

Applying Learning Theories - 3548 Words

Introduction to Learning Theories EDU622-0603A-01: Applying Learning Theories Unit 1 IP Dr. Trude Fawson American Intercontinental University June 17, 2006 Introduction How do we come to know what we know? What is knowledge? These questions are important not only for epistemologists or philosophers who study knowledge, but, as well for those interested in the sciences and education. Whether knowledge is seen as absolute, separate from the knower and corresponding to a knowable, external reality or as seen as part of the knower and relative to the individuals experiences with his environment have far-reaching implications. In ancient times, people believed that only God could provide glimpses of the ‘real world. During the†¦show more content†¦Skinner believed that radical behaviorism should not be considered a theory but as an experimental analysis of behavior studying functional relationships between environmental variables and behavior (Driscoll, 2005). Kimble, (2000) defined behaviorism as any psychology that views its necessity as the understanding of behavior and accepts stimuli (situations and responses). That if behaviorism wants to be a science it must take on some form of that approach aiming at comprehending observable events in the world, and the only such events available to psychology are responses and the situations in which the occur. Websters defines cognition as the act or process of knowing in the broadest sense; specifically, an intellectual process by which knowledge is gained from perception or ideas. Learning is defined as a change of knowledge state. Whereas knowledge acquisition can be described as a mental activity that entails internal coding and structuring by the learner. Bruner believes that theories of development and instruction should be considered together. He has stated that a well-developed intelligent mind creates from experience and that the goal of education is to make the learner an independent self-motivated thinker (Driscoll, 2005). Ernest (1995) as cited by Murphy (1997) derived a set of theoretical underpinngs common to the different schools of constructivism: 1. Knowledge as a whole is problematized, not just theShow MoreRelatedApplying Adult Learning Theory Through Character Analysis Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This assignment explores the learning theories of Mezirow and Bandura through the character analysis of Malcolm X, portrayed by actor Denzel Washington from the film â€Å"Malcolm X†. The focus is to examine the theoretical perspective of adult learning theories transformative learning and that of social learning and how they impact character learning and development. Applying Adult Learning Theory through A character Analysis The film â€Å"Malcolm X,† produced by Worth, written and directedRead MoreApplying Learning Theories Of Learning1469 Words   |  6 Pages Applying Learning Theory to Life PSY 331 Catherine Vivi Ashford University Instructor: Steven Peters February 9, 2015 â€Æ' Applying Learning Theory to Life Epistemology, or in other words, the theory of knowledge, is the study of knowledge, what it is, how we acquire it, and our justifiable beliefs that are included in that study. Generally, the study of knowledge is done through a philosophical method. There are four basic theories of learning; those are behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivismRead MoreApplying Learning Theory Of Life1507 Words   |  7 Pages Applying Learning Theory to Life Kristen Lewis PSY331: Psychology of Learning Nina Dulabaum 2 Feb 2015 Introduction: Learning can be defined as a lasting change in behavior of an entity that is down to the experience gained by the entity. The basic purpose of this paper is to apply the learning principles to by presenting and teaching the information to others in the workforce, to help people learn in the best way. We have to choose the best methods and best principles of learningRead MoreApplying Learning Theory to Life1015 Words   |  5 PagesEffective training begins with managers who are able to create an environment that engages different learning types (multiple Intelligences). While it is important, to remember that none can be applied across the panel to all learners in all situations; nevertheless some interconnections are apparent. Blends of pedagogical and embracing various learning panaches help meet the need of a larger portion of the employees. Fundamentally vital is the well-defined material assembled in right sequencesRead MoreKolb s Theory Of Experimental Learning Theory1705 Wo rds   |  7 PagesTheories are the bases for everything that we do as a nurse. Theories are the bases for nursing as we care for patients, and theories are also the bases for the way that we learn and grow as nurses. Kolb’s theory of Experimental Learning is one of the theories that can be used to describe the cycle of learning that occurs in the class room. This article is dedicated to describing how the Kolb’s theory of Experimental Learning can be used in a classroom for the purpose of teaching undergraduate studentsRead MoreConstructivist Theory Of Constructivist Learning Theory969 Words   |  4 PagesConstructivist Learning theory is a theory that is based on observation and in a scientific study about how people learn. The theory is a philosophy that enhances the students’ logical and conceptual growth. The underlying concept within the constructivist learning theory is the role which experiences or connections witha the adjoining atmosphere that plays in the students’ education. So, the constructivist learning theory says that people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the worldRead MoreLet me point out a few common misconceptions that you might create while conceptualising your own600 Words   |  3 Pagescommon misconceptions that you might create while conceptualising your own version of Biggs ideas. Surface and deep are characteristics of the approaches that students might make, not characteristics of the students themselves. The three learning theories I want to discuss are Constructivist, Humanist and Congnitivism. According to constructivist theorists it is important that students do not have misconceptions before they start to learn a new concept. Teachers should identify the studentsRead MoreLearning And Its Implications For Education Essay1271 Words   |  6 PagesLearning is an important process in education and in life in general. One cannot simply grow, adapt, and manage life without learning. However, everyone learns in various different ways. Shuell (2016) states, â€Å"When a particular word is used, people usually assume everyone has a common understanding of what the word means. Unfortunately, such is not always the case. In trying to understand the various theories of learning and their implications for education, it is helpful to realize that the termRead MoreThe Is The Art And Science Of Helping Adults Learn945 Words   |  4 Pagesout daily to streamline the learning curve. Someone is always coming up with new applications or YouTube videos to assist in teaching individuals a step-by-step process on how to do something. Malcolm Knowles and David Kolb both were innovators, and they both wanted adults to be able to learn new things and feel comfortable that they would be able to. As you read this paper, you will discover the different concepts that they both had a hand in to improve the learning curve of the adult populationRead MoreResearch On The Distance Learning Student Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesResearch on the Distance Learning Student Ting Wang Emporia State University In Sahin’s research (2008), he was trying to find if the selection of technologies chosen for online learning could be used to reflect learners’ preferences and related characteristics. According to the research among 279 students in five online undergraduate courses, the Moore’s Transactional Distance Theory may connect with Kolb’s theory, which means three dimensions learning may link with two-dimensional

Mass Incarceration During The United States - 1322 Words

Monroe Craver Mrs. Gallos English 3 Honors 30 March 2017 Mass Incarceration in the United States There are too many people in prison in our country and any people in prison today are non-violent drug offenders. The American war on drugs has targeted people in poverty and minorities, who are more likely to be involved in drug use. This has created a pattern of crime and incarceration and â€Å"...[a] connection between increased prison rates and lower crime is tenuous and small.† (Wyler). The prison system in our country today focuses on punishment for the inmates rather than rehabilitation for life after their release. People of color such as African-Americans and Hispanics are in prison at Craver 2 disproportionate rates†¦show more content†¦To put drug users in prison rather than giving them help only creates an awful cycle of abuse and over- populated prisons in America. Many people are in prison today because of unjust sentencing legislation such as mandatory sentencing laws, which â€Å"... often make no distinction between, say, armed Craver 2 assault and auto theft†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Gupta). The three- strikes law prevents repeat felony offenders from receiving anything other than a life sentence, even if the crimes committed are not at all related. Drug users who are arrested multiple times can spend their lives in prison for having an addiction. This does not drive the rate of crime down, but only inflates the prison population for longer periods of time. Lawmakers have the biggest opportunity to make a change in the prison problem in our country today. By ending jail time as a consequence for low- level offenses, establishing drug courts nationally, and changing policies such as mandatory minimum sentences and three- strike laws would greatly reduce the number of people who would enter prison in the future. Such an action would require effective parole programs, which are necessary for proper rehabilitation of prisoners. Some believe inmates who are still serving sentences for crimes they committed decadesShow MoreRelatedMass Incarceration Is Defined As The Imprisonment Of A Large Amount Of People1439 Words   |  6 PagesAt the simplest level, mass incarceration is defined as the imprisonment of a large amount of people. However, that does not tell the whole story. The majority of people incarcerated are minorities, and although mass incarceration began as a system of unjust racial and social control, today it continues for many political reasons including government grants, swaying voter opinion, and for-profit prison revenue. The United States incarcerates more people, per capita, than any other nation in theRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pages Michelle Alexander’s book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, examines mass incarceration in the United States, why the criminal justice system works the way it does towards minorities, the detriments associated with mass incarceration as it relates to offenders, and much more. In the introduction of her book, Alexander immediately paints the harsh reality of mass incarceration with the story of Jarvious Cotton who is denied the right to vote among other rights becauseRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration1370 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States has not remained the same over time since its creation. Racism has shifted, changed, and shaped into unrecognizable ways that fit into the fabric of the American society to render it nearly invisible to the majority of Americans. M ichelle Alexander, in her book, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness shatters this dominantly held belief. The New Jim Crow makes a reader profoundly question whether the high rates of incarceration in the United States is anRead MoreMass Incarceration In Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow Laws1083 Words   |  5 PagesJim Crow laws were state and local laws that reinforced racial segregation in the South between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950’s (Urofsky). The laws mandated segregation of schools, drinking fountains, restrooms, buses, and restaurants. In legal theory, blacks received â€Å"separate but equal† treatment under the law--in actuality, public facilities were nearly always inferior to those for whites, when they existed at all. In addition, blacksRead MoreIntro: Elia .Mass Incarceration Is An Important Topic Because1210 Words   |  5 PagesIntro: Elia Mass Incarceration is an important topic because it has a huge impact on the United States. Let alone the fact that the United States has the highest incarcerated population in the world with 716 out of 100,000 citizens behind bars. Another important topic is that a certain race and ethnicity are behind bars which are the African Americans and Latinos than whites. But African Americans are 1 in 3, Latinos are 1 in 6, and whites are 1 in 17 who will be in prison during their lifetimeRead MoreAmerican Incarceration : Where We Are, And What Can Be Done?1518 Words   |  7 PagesYasir Choudhury Dr. Joà £o Vargas UGS 303 Mass Incarceration 5 October 2015 American Incarceration: Where We Are, and What Can be Done From its early inception as a necessary aspect of modern society to its broken state that can be seen today, the American penal system has changed radically in recent history from an institution that performed the duty of safeguarding the public from those too dangerous to be left unsupervised to a business model concerned more with generating a profit for shareholdersRead MoreIs The Mass Incarceration Of Blacks The New Jim Crow?1540 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Mass Incarceration of Blacks the new Jim Crow? American has a legacy of the mistreatment and disenfranchisement of African Americans. The same bad treatment that many think only took place in the past is in fact still intact, it’s just presented in a new way. The mass incarceration of blacks in the Unites States can be attributed to the â€Å"racial hierarchy† that has always existed. The U.S contributes to about 5% of the worlds overall population, and about 25% of the worlds prison populationRead MoreThe Basis for Cridme Deterren ce in the United States964 Words   |  4 Pagesdeterrence in the United States is based on the exacting words of Beccaria, â€Å"†¦ a punishment†¦ should be public, immediate, and necessary, the least possible in the case given, proportioned to the crime, and determined by the laws. While this philosophy fulfills its intended goals, it also comes with far reaching consequences for criminal offenders and completely ignores the true goal of incarceration, to rehabilitate the offender for reintroduction into society. Mass incarceration as a means of criminalRead MoreThe Incarceration Rate Of The United States1543 Words   |  7 PagesAlternatives to Mass Incarceration Once upon a time, Americans could proudly say that America was the land of freedom and opportunity. As the Pledge of Allegiance states, â€Å"One nation under God, Indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† However, under the current criminal justice system, more and more people lose their liberties because of the crimes they have committed. According to Roy Walmsley, a consultant of the United Nations and Associate of the International Center for prison studiesRead MoreThe War On Drugs And The United States1506 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the United States would eventually become the prison capital of the world, incarcerating, proportionally, more people than anywhere in the world. Today, beyond being a popular political talking point, mass incarceration has become a veritable crisis. The United States now has over 2 million citizens languishing in prisons -- far and away in the most in the globe, and a nearly 68% recidivism rate. Most Americans are quick to blame the di re state of mass incarceration in the United States today

Patriarchal Societies the Historical Evidence Free Essays

Joelle Davis John Duran John Hicks Morgan Plasse Travis Rogers Eric Thomason PATRIARCHAL SOCIETIES: THE HISTORICAL EVIDENCE AND CONTEMPORARY DIRECTION â€Å"Feminism is the radical notion that women are human beings. † ? Cheris Kramarae INTRODUCTION Since the first records of complex civilizations, male dominance in human culture has molded itself into global societies and has forced women into lives of subordination and inequality. Historically, men have stood as the primary political figures and leaders, while women have been inclined to take on supportive and more household-oriented roles. We will write a custom essay sample on Patriarchal Societies: the Historical Evidence or any similar topic only for you Order Now This same structure of societies and governments has made its way into nearly every inhabited geographic area, and where has attached itself since the first immigration periods (? ). So from what root did this idealism mysteriously stem? Scientific research points that in times far preceding the birth of complex societies, Neanderthals wandered the Earth in a much different fashion. Evidence derived from fossils and uncovered leftovers seem (noun/verb disagreement: â€Å"Evidence †¦ seems†) to encourage the thought that people lived much more of an egalitarian lifestyle 30,000 years ago. Women, quite possibly, may have helped to hunt as well as nurse children, while men at times may have stayed behind to harvest crops. Though males were the primary hunters, the flexibility that may have been cast on gender roles is polar opposite to what would develop as humans became more advanced. There is a lot of argument and confusion on the topic of patriarchal origins, and what may have happened between this time of suspected weak gender roles and the time of male dominance. Whether or not the answer will ever be clear, its (usage: its or it’s) important to understand how long it has taken for our orld to considered (infinitive) women to be equal. In our nation itself, there was a time in which when an 18 year old boy with no political experience and little to no real world knowledge could stand next to a wise, middle aged, female professional and cast a vote, while she could not. This did not come to an end until 1920, approximately 3,600 years after the creation of th e first set of societal laws in Babylonian times. As we will discuss, patriarchal systems of family and societal life led from early Mesopotamia to all regions of the world over thousands of years. Though present today in almost every nation, the extent of patriarchal influences have diminished (noun/verb) over time and the freedom and rights of women have become more evident. THE ORIGINS OF PATRIARCHAL SOCIETIES The first evidence of patriarchal societies lies as far back in time as the emergence of man’s first complex societies around 3,000 BC. Cities in the West Asian land of Mesopotamia, such as Ur and Uruk of the Sumer region, existed as what are considered the oldest settlements, and were built with the first sophisticated infrastructures and governing domains. The first concepts of patriarchies developed in these cities, and became tightly woven into the structure of future cultures. One of the first sets of law to govern the people of Mesopotamia was written during the era of Babylonia, which began around 2000 BC. Famously known as Hammurabi’s code, the stone-scribed document listed policies and regulations for its people to abide by. These heavily included the rights of women, which were undeniably much more constricted than those of men. The women of Mesopotamia had certain rights, which included the right to buy and sell goods, own property, and work outside of the house. However, the power of men to exist above and over them made these rights appear to be measly and minuscule. Husbands were able to sell their wives into slavery and legally commit adultery and have multiple wives. If women were to cheat on their husbands, they could be ordered to death as their punishment. Politically, men were the primary (if not, only) figures influencing all decisions made, including the development and direction of the city-states. Judging by the example given in Hammurabi’s Code (if a proper noun here, then why not in the few sentences preceding this one? , it is needless to say that that (? ) males controlled the cities of Mesopotamia, and thus, the world’s earlier settlements. The ideas and concepts of patriarchies would grow from this age and wrap around the foundations of nearly every society for millenniums to come. Please acknowledge all ideas you have borrowed from secondary sources and have paraphrased and/or summarized with parenthetical ci tations. PATRIARCHY IN GREECE Some of (? ) most complex societies in our early history came about from between 650 BC – 100 AD along the Mediterranean sea. At the start of this time, Greek society was blooming into one of the most unprecedented cultural beauties, rich with visual, art, drama, mythology, and dramatic literature. In 510 BC, Athens became the site of the first democratic government, paving the way for citizen-oriented governments to come. In this democracy, all men over the age of 18 were granted the right to vote on political issues, which is something that was extremely new in those times. The rights of the common male may have been leaning towards equality, but women still faced subordination to men. In fact, the lack of rights to women across Greek land were solidified (noun/verb) by law. This varied throughout the country, more extreme or less emphasized among different city-states. For instance, in Sparta women were highly respected and able to speak for themselves, yet the land was still run primarily by the male-run military. Athenian women, however, had few rights and were typically confined to their homes. Their husbands were in total control as heads of households, and lead the direction of family’s daily lives. Thus, it is clearly evident that democratic Greece was still heavily influenced by patriarchal philosophies. The word â€Å"patriarch† refers to the male leader of a family and comes from the Greek word â€Å"patriarches. †(The Free Resource) End punctuation follows the parenthetical citation. Ancient Greece was an agricultural society in its founding. Societies that are agricultural are typically patriarchal in the context that the male in the family, whether it is father, husband, or brother, made (shift in verb tense) the key cultural, religious, and financial decisions within the family and community sector (The Free Resource). Ancient Greece followed for the most part in that same context. The system of patriarchy was developed in Greece in roughly the 4th and 5th century B. C. E. Shortly following its establishment, women’s rights and privileges were on the rapid decline. Greek women were not allowed to participate in politics. â€Å"According to legend, the goddess Athena won by just one female vote, the right to name the city Athens. Because of this initiative by a woman, as a punishment, all future generations of women would not be allowed to participate in politics â€Å"(The Free Resource). These kinds of legends and religious beliefs further suppressed and in societal terms it appeared to be justified. Some of the information in this paragraph is redundant. Consider combining this paragraph with the one preceding it. Although woman for (? ) inferior in terms of politics, they were vital and powerful in relation to artisan families and influence behind her husband. â€Å"Socrates spent so much time teaching in the marketplace because of his wife Xantippe’s sharp tongue when he was at home. † (Guisepi, Robert) If you are using MLA style, then delete the comma and first name. A woman with a strong personality behind a man that was firmly rooted in a political forum, such as the Senate, could have large political influence but very much in an indirect format. But in law and culture, women were held inferior. Even the activities of free women were daily put into question and were not respected highly in societal terms. â€Å"The raping of a free woman, though a crime, was a lesser offense than seducing her, since seduction meant winning her affections away from her duties. † (Guisepi, Robert) Even infant females were regarded in a substandard way. Families that were over burdened with children would often resort to infanticide and discard the female infants. The woman’s father usually arranged marriages. Divorce was legal for men but woman had to go to court and were frequently unsuccessful. Adultery was common with men but woman could be divorced or severely punished if caught (Guisepi, Robert). What is the controlling idea in this paragraph? The only Greek society that was vaguely different was Sparta. Education was also extended to girls. Both sexes exercised naked. Women however (comma error) could not compete by the Olympic rules, while Spartan men were very successful (Cartledge, Paul). When their husbands were at war or out of the home, women assumed control and made the necessary choice that her husband would have made. Women could negotiate with their husbands to bring their lovers into the home so they could be monitored (Cartledge, Paul). The way Sparta is portrayed in movies, as being very equal, is rather false. Spartan society exhibited many of the same classic patriarchal beliefs as the rest of Greece did. Does this sentence contradict the topic sentence? PATRIARCHY IN CHINA Patriarchal structures of society have been prominent in Chinese culture since around 1000 BC. Texts dating back 200 BC refer to men being masters of the outside world with women being masters of the home. Immediate families existed (? ) not only focused on parents and offspring, but grandparents, living relatives, and even the spirits of descendants. The senior males of these families demanded respect from all subordinates, including their wives. Women were legally subordinate to men and were usually frowned upon at birth due to the fact that they would one day just become an asset of another family after years of being raised. A common phrase from that time which stayed with China until the end of the imperial period was, â€Å"the three subordinations and the four virtues† being, â€Å"a woman was to be subordinate to her father in youth, her husband in maturity, and her son in old age. (Natalie Bennett)† Punctuate with commas to setoff appositives—for example, â€Å"A common phrase from that time, which stayed with China until the end of the imperial period, was †¦. Also, is â€Å"imperial period† a proper noun? While generally thought of as a more western term, patriarchy has also historically been a heavy influence in Asia, particularly within China (Should we move this to the start of this subtopic? Yes! Organization. ). Men in China have historically held political power, being ruled b y an emperor until 1912. The title of emperor was passed from father to son in each dynasty with the empress holding very limited power. On top of this the emperor and many other upper class men had multiple wives as a symbol of their wealth while women could not have more than on (? husband. The average women were generally considered failures if they grew up without finding a husband or work as a slave; most people in China considered a woman’s job to be a subservient wife (BBC). To make matters worse, during the Song dynasty, around 1000 AD, the custom of foot binding quickly spread among high class families, eventually spreading all across China. Foot binding entails wrapping a young girls (possessive) feet painfully tight which prevents further growth; leading to â€Å"beautiful feet and causing their movements more feminine and dainty† (Nancy Miles) but also causing lifelong disability. Up to 50% of women during the nineteenth century had bound feet; for upper class women it was upward of 95%. Even after it was banned in 1912 many families continued to do it in fear that they may hurt their daughter’s (plural and possessive) chances for good marriage (Louisa Lim). This practice of foot binding even further limited the power of women in Chinese society and in turn helped fuel the patriarchy during the empire. Punctuate with a semi-colon to link independent clauses without a coordinating conjunction; to connect independent clauses separated by a conjunctive adverb; and in a series with internal punctuation. With a transitional signal, you can combine these two paragraphs. There is the more contemporary issue of the country’s one-child policy, leading to many forced sex-selective abortions (awkward). Most parents in China value a male child over a female child, believing sons have more social and economic value so when forced to choose to keep a child they more often keep males. This had (? ) lead to a huge skew in the gender ratios; for every 100 females there are 119 males (Graeme Russle). Post-imperial China has, thankfully, seen (don’t split the verb) large improvements for women’s rights. Women have made a strong push into the economic (? ) and job market, holding the highest percentages of women employed in Asia (BBC). Although the patriarchy in China has been constantly getting smaller in the 20th and 21st century effects of it are still everywhere and change comes slowly, with people fighting for every inch they can get. PATRIARCHY IN INDIA In other parts of Asia, societies dug the foundations of patriarchies far deeper than preceding civilizations. Between 1000 BC and 300 BC, the Vedic empire of East India flourished in rich culture and strong religious elements. However, the extremely strict and conservative laws of the land were particularly harsh on female citizens. The villages, which were administered by men, saw that women were kept from religious and social activities. Political councils were governed primarily by the head of households which were always men, and if all males of the important families died, the family was thus excluded from political activity. Families were led by the oldest male, who also claimed ownership of all family possessions. Women were often wed through arranged marriages right before puberty (to promote virginity at marriage), and were unable to remarry even if their husband (plural) passed away. In rare situations, women would perform sati, a practice in which women would cremate themselves live on their husbands (possessive and plural) funeral pyre. According to the Vedic people, the manners in which the rights of women were regulated so severely were thought to be for their own good. The idea was that if they â€Å"performed [them] with grace and devotion, they might expect a better status in their next incarnation† (74, Judge and Langdon I don’t believe any style formats parenthetical citations in this way). In comparison to its existence in Mesopotamian societies, the concepts of patriarchal societies in India became more influential in daily life than ever witnessed before and would remain even into the modern day. One way to combine this paragraph with the one below is to revise the topic sentence. For example, Patriarchy in India is represented in the caste system and has its roots in the Hindu religion. Since then and still to this day, the representation of patriarchy in India is the caste system. The caste system is defined as, (delete the comma) â€Å"an elaborately stratified social hierarchy distinguishing India’s social structure from any other nation† (1). A person is born into their his/her caste, will shun those from another caste, and never move up in the system in their lifetime. As you go down the hierarchy of the caste system, a person’s â€Å"pureness† diminishes. Women suffered from the bias outlook that women were polluted simply because of the body functions unique to women. Avoid second person pronouns. This view of women automatically placed them below the men of their caste (1). Aside from the caste system, Patriarchy also has roots in the Hindu religion, which is the dominant religion in India. It is believed that aspects of the female principle must be neutralized by the male principle (3). If the female principle is not neutralized, it will result in a violent and destructive behavior. Also, women are believed to have a far greater and uncontrollable sexual appetite than men. It was feared that women would istract men from their religious duties, so men would have to control women in order to control their lust (3). This belief was viewed as justification for male dominance over women. Both the caste system and Hinduism laid the groundwork allowing Patriarchy to flourish in Indian culture. In modern Indian culture, women are gaining more independence from the traditional systems that allowed Patriarchy to function. The Constitution of India, which came into effect on January 26th, 1950, assured its people â€Å"justice, equality, and liberty† (4). In section III, under Article 15, it explicitly lists that â€Å"The state shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them† (4) Although, before modern laws were written to establish equality, women had a low status in Indian society. After getting married, the Bride’s (capitalization) family was expected to pay large amounts of money to the Groom’s family and was then expected to live with the Groom’s family. Basically, the Bride would have to buy into the family. PATRIARCHY IN THE MIDDLE EAST In the present day Middle East, governing laws have primarily been focused around Islamic religion since its foundations. This legal code, known as Shari’Ah, is based on moral and spiritual ideals, and â€Å"prescribes the pathway to paradise† (Judge and Langdon, 274). The Shari’Ah was completed between 7-9 CE and is still implemented in the legal systems of some Middle Eastern countries today. Combine these two paragraphs. Some of the concepts included in the Shari’ah clearly state the gender roles of men and women in early Islamic society, usually putting women in a place of subordination that is justified as being for their own protection. Men are required to treat their women with honor and respect. The insistence that women be veiled in public and spend much of their lives sequestered in their homes [†¦ ] are designed in part to promote honor and respect for women† (Judge and Langdon, 274). Additionally, men were (shift in tense) allowed to practice polygamy, as long as he â€Å"treats them equally in terms of financial support, sexual intercourse, household duties, and respect† (Judge and Langon, 275). What resulted from this mentality and the strict constitutional view of the Shari’ah, in other words that it cannot be changed (? , was a modernizing society with old fashioned laws. As time passed, women’s rights in the middle east that were originally written for women’s protection began to gradually put women in a position of pure inequality. An issue of debate to this day concerns the status of women in the Middle East. There is an extensive notion that the region and its people are traditional, change is unhurried and is not welcome. In accounts and popular Western perceptions, the status of women is assumed to be universally low, which may be, in all probability, due to the centrality of Islam in the lives of the people and the rules of the earth. Many writings have focused on Middle Eastern women as victims of inflexible laws, oppressive regimes, and fundamentalist engagements. Other writings tend to move too far in an opposing trend, and in overcompensation for the negative portrayal of Middle Eastern women. They try to dispute that Islam elevates women, or that Middle Eastern women actually carry â€Å"vast control†, or â€Å"restrained influence†, at least in their households. It is methodologically incomplete to tender â€Å"Islam† as the illustrative variable in strength and change. The status of women in the Middle East cannot be understood by substitute to Quran explanation, as well as not be possible for those Middle Eastern women are all persecuted, or that they are simple submissive observers of the dealings around them. The longstanding constraints on women’s mobility and freedom of action have been eroded by the process of development and growth. You’ll need to decide whether the Middle East is a proper noun or not, and be consistent. Please acknowledge your sources. This topic sentence suggests you are no longer discussing patriarchy in India. Patriarchal society is a social formation which has traditionally existed in varying forms throughout the world, women being dominated by the male society. In classic patriarchy, the senior man has say-so over everyone else in the family, including younger men, and women are focus to distinct forms of control and subordination. The goal of patriarchy roots in the household, which is also commonly linked with the reproduction of the peasantry in agrarian societies (Kandiyoti 1988). A fragment is a grammatically incomplete sentence, possessing either a subject or a predicate. Making a sentence grammatically complete means it must have a subject and predicate. The subordination of women in kinship-ordered or political societies is related to the reproduction of the family assembly or of the peasantry as well as to the sexual division of labor. There is a disposition to male dominance inherent in the relation between the peasant household, landlords, position, and in the imitation of ordered groups, wherein women are exchanged and men are the translators in what Gayle Rubin has called â€Å"the traffic in women† (Rubin 1975 use the same style throughout this paper). In a patriarchal context, women are assimilated into concepts of property. Forcing an unwanted marriage or mother to the unwanted child forced by society and religion to become obedient towards all men not just their husbands. PATRIARCHY IN THE UNITED STATES Use the tab key to indent all paragraphs. Long before the birth of the United States, ideas of patriarchies were carried westward with the migrations of the Amerinds (? ). This is assumed by researchers because gender roles were present in the first indigenous inhabitants of the West, even as far as Central and South America. Men dominated the political systems of tribes and settlements, while women raised crops and nurtured children at home. This way of assigning designated activities for both men and women was not unlike the gender roles on the opposite side of the planet. Therefore, some studies suggest that when humans migrated to what is now the Americas around 8000-5000 BC, societies were already structured to have males as lead figures while women carried out supportive roles. The standard was set for the duration of the Native Americans’ rule over the North, Central, and South America, and continued until they were dominated by European settlers. A tree with deep roots stood strong and proved very difficult to uproot. It changed over the years since then in various ways and women would eventually gain more power in society, but nonetheless it still existed when the United States became a nation. See my comment above regarding acknowledging sources. European societies based themselves upon the practices of patriarchy, so it is no surprise the first immigrants from Europe took this societal system with them. When the settlers inhabited the newly established colonies, they brought their traditional attitudes concerning the roles women should possess and their status in society with them (Sage 1). â€Å"Puritans organized their family around the unquestioned principle of patriarchy (Vandergriff 1). † â€Å"Their religion taught that family roles were part of a continuous chain of hierarchical and delegated authority descending from God (1). † The parenthetical citation follows the quotation mark. The role of each family member was important to the success of the family. Although the wife was subordinate, she could participate in public life through her husband (Sage 1). If the husband became injured she had to assume his role. This even applied to casting his vote in an election if need be (1). â€Å"Without a strong and productive wife a family would struggle to survive (1). † The father was always in charge in early New England. He had the right to intervene in the lives of his children, control their behavior, and even select their spouse (Vandergriff 1). Marriage was referred to as a contract between two unequal beings. The husband occupied the support role in which it was his responsibility to provide for the family and the wife was expected to be a servant to the husband. The wife was subordinate in the hierarchy of society but before God both men and women were considered equal (Vandergriff 1). Before marriage single women could represent themselves in court, carry out business, and even own property. Once married, however, women could only engage in business with the consent of her husband their husbands. It was believed that after marriage the legal identity of the woman became part of her husband (1). If a woman engaged in business while she was married her personal property, profits, and real estate belonged to her husband. Even if he could not be trusted with it and was not responsible, she could do nothing about it (1). Be aware of redundancies and consider how you might revise and combine this paragraph with the one above. Women were considered to be weaker than men physically, emotionally, and mentally. They were often referred to as â€Å"weaker vessels†. Women lacked the ability to legally vote and could not hold public office in colonial society (Sage 1). Although women had limited rights, many were still able to carry out business and do tasks not generally associated with the traditional roles of women. Labor was limited in the colonies so many women held jobs as midwives, teachers, printers and even doctors (1). In this aspect, the colonial period exhibited a degree of egalitarianism (Vandergriff 1). â€Å"Although women in colonial America could by no means be considered to have been held â€Å"equal† to men, they were as a rule probably as well off as women anywhere in the world, and in general probably even better off (Sage 1). † Nothing in this paragraph supports the topic sentence. During the nineteenth and the twentieth century (plural), many aspects concerning the roles of women, their rights, and their impact on society changed dramatically. In the nineteenth century women began to get out of the house and go to work in great numbers, with The majority worked in the textile industry and garment shops They often worked working many hours and in terrible atmospheres (an example of sentence combining). It was not until around 1910 that states began to pass laws limiting working hours and making working conditions more tolerable (â€Å"Women’s History in America† 1). Many jobs began to require education in order to practice the profession. This tended to limit a woman’s ability to enter careers that were considered professional. This was fairly common in the medical field. The American Medical Association was started in 1846, but and women were not permitted to join this association or men’s medical colleges, so they attended female schools (1). From 1890 to 1980 the percentage of total female doctors who were women went (diction) from five percent to seventeen percent. Women improved their statuses in other professions such as law and engineering as well (1). The teaching profession was a huge field of employment for women. More than twice as many women were teachers of elementary and high school compared to men in 1980. However, two out of every three teachers of higher education were male. Even in the present day, most working women find employment in clerical, retail, and service jobs (1). Combine simple sentences. A woman’s education seemed to always be secondary to a man’s. Towards the end of the 19th century the number of women attending secondary schools increased greatly due to the rise in female colleges and women being permitted to enroll in colleges with men. One-fifth of college students were women in 1870; by 1900 the proportion of women to men in college had grown to one-third (â€Å"Women’s History in America† 1). â€Å"Women obtained 19 percent of all undergraduate college degrees around the beginning of the 20th century. By 1984 the figure had sharply increased to 49 percent. Women also increased their numbers in graduate study. By the mid-1980s women were earning 49 percent of all master’s degrees and about 33 percent of all doctoral degrees. In 1985 about 53 percent of all college students were women (1). Numerous laws were passed in the 1900’s to benefit women and to increase equality between the sexes. In 1920, women gained the right to vote by the nineteenth amendment (proper noun) (Imbornoni 1). Women now possessed the ability to participate in elections and influence the decisions of society. Women became part of the government during this time as well. Several women served in the House of Represe ntatives and the Senate, starting in 1917 (â€Å"Women’s History in America† 1). The Food and Drug Administration approved birth control pills in 1960 (Imbornoni 1). Women now possessed more control over pregnancy. They could now choose to put off having children, while still remaining sexually active. â€Å"The Equal Pay Act of 1963 required equal wages for men and women doing equal work (â€Å"Women’s History in America† 1). † â€Å"Despite the Equal Pay Act of 1963, women in 1970 were paid about 45 percent less than men for the same jobs; in 1988, about 32 percent less. Professional women did not get the important assignments and promotions given to their male colleagues (1). † Laws could not completely halt the discrimination of women. Men have always been regarded and treated better than women in the United States. This is partly due to the long standing patriarchal beliefs and practices of our country. â€Å"The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination against women by any company with 25 or more employees (1). † In 1967, executive order 11375 made discrimination based on gender illegal (Imbornoni 1). Women now could share the same opportunities for employment as white males. The Supreme Court upheld a decision stating sex-specific help wanted ads in newspapers were illegal in 1973 (1). By 1985, every state had adopted a law allowing couples to divorce by mutual consent. California was the first state to ratify the law in 1969. (1). Women could now end marriages they no longer wished to be a part of. Roe vs. Wade (1973) gave women the right to a legal abortion and overturned previous anti-abortion laws (1). Women could now end a pregnancy on their own behalf without legal recourse. The twentieth century provided women with many rights, increased their equality in society, and moved the country farther from its traditional patriarchal beliefs. Without the great strides made in these few decades, women would still occupy the same inferior place in society as they did during the previous centuries. See my suggestion above regarding sentence combining. Patriarchy continues to be part of the United States in the present day. Almost everyone participates in patriarchy whether they wish to or not. The practice has been ingrained into so many aspects of our society; it has basically become a part of the individual. Our society contains traits of being dominated by males, male centered, and male identified. These males are frequently obsessed with power and control. Many males go along with patriarchy because it directly benefits them. Abolishing patriarchy would threaten their power and control (Smith 1). People in power, men in this case, want to keep it this way. Historically speaking, powerful positions tend to be regarded as a man’s job. Therefore, as a society we tend to expect our doctors, lawyers, government officials, CEOs, and spiritual leaders to be men as well (1). Society has in the past, and somewhat to this day, associated being a male as a quality for high level positions, and therefore has confused the position with the person in the position (1). Many make assumptions of men being more qualified than women without actually knowing the qualifications of the individual because of this practice. Maleness and masculinity are often used as a basis for comparison in society, and anything not male or masculine is considered less or abnormal. This is clearly evident according to Smith, â€Å"We see the evidence of this characteristic every day in fields like medicine and law where a male lawyer, judge or doctor is just called a lawyer, judge, or doctor, but a female holding the same position is a ‘woman lawyer’, a ‘woman judge’, a ‘woman doctor’. This is because the assumption is that someone in that position should be male. That is the ‘normal’ way of things. When someone who is not male is in one of those positions, we feel the need to identify it as ‘other’ (1). † Women still receive less pay than a man for the same job. In 2009, President Obama signed the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act, which allows victims (mostly women) of pay discrimination to file a complaint within 180 days of their last paycheck. The law was named after a Goodyear employee who was paid fifteen to forty percent less than her male counterparts (Imbornoni 1). Our society is remarkably male centered. Men are associated with power so it is normal and expected of them to be in the political spotlight. Because of this association, it is hardly noticed that the news, in general, focuses on men and stories pertaining to them (Smith 1). Men are on the covers of magazines, in the news, and their stories are on television. Stories and ads are directly influenced by the gaze of men (1). Smith hits the nail on the head when he says, Block quotes of four lines or more by tabbing twice and deleting quotation marks—e. g. In women’s magazines, we see ads that feature women who are nearly naked, advertising bras or the clothes they are almost wearing. This is not because women like to look at other women but because women are being taught that they have to look a certain way in order for men to like them. Even the articles in women’s magazine are male centered as the focus on such topics as ‘ways to please him’ and †˜how to know if your man is cheating’. The male gaze, and thus male centeredness, is something that we cannot get away from. (1) As time has pressed on, women now enjoy much more freedom and potential in society presently than ever before. Women now hold many high level jobs, run companies, and are eligible to pursue careers in any field. Patriarchy has diminished greatly over the years but is still evident. It will continue to exist in America if society continues to be male centered. Men will surely hold on to their privilege and power however they can. Patriarchy in society is essentially a power struggle between the sexes. Women gaining power equates to men losing their previous level of power in society. Perhaps one day our society will be completely egalitarian. A woman has never been elected president. Maybe society needs a woman in the highest achievable position in order to reduce the influence of patriarchy. No other event or position could influence the changing of tradition and upset the power men hold in society as much as a woman being the commander and chief. CONCLUSION For thousands of years, we have lived in â€Å"a man’s world†. Since human civilizations emerged, men have been in charge, ruled the lands, and determined the paths of people to come. So many generations have lived by this belief in pure, conscious or subconscious patriarchal means, and now times are changing. Today, women are enjoying a higher level of freedom, and are stepping up to positions unheard of for women to hold a century ago. Many nations have female presidents, and women all over the world are universally striving for equality. However, change cannot occur overnight. In around a century, we have witnessed a miraculous progression of universal women’s rights coming into existence, a surge of females into a broad, professional workforce, and governmental influences being carried out by female politicians. The more aware women are of patriarchal influences in society, the more can be done to advance universal equality. Equality is essential to rid the world of the belief that a woman cannot do a man’s job or is less qualified because of her gender. You’ve done an excellent job researching this topic. You have a good thesis and support. If you decide to revise this paper and resubmit as the final paper, then consider the following: paragraph combining; consistent use of MLA style throughout, including parenthetical citations and the Works Cited page; and proofread carefully, as there are serious errors in this paper—for example, noun/verb disagreements and fragments. Grade: B- How to cite Patriarchal Societies: the Historical Evidence, Essay examples

To What Extent Did Nazi Germany Establish a Totalitarian State in the Years 1933 and 1939 free essay sample

To What Extent Did Nazi Germany Establish a TotaBokeyar Year 12 – Modern History Research Essay To what extent did the Nazis succeed in establishing a totalitarian state in Germany in the years between 1933 and 1939? The Nazis succeeded to a great degree in establishing a totalitarian state in Germany in the years between 1933 and 1939. A Totalitarian state is defined as a government that subordinates the individual to the state and strictly controls all aspects of life by coercive measures. A Totalitarian state aims to establish complete: political -social/economic and cultural control over their people. Fascism is a type of right-wing totalitarianism which places importance on the subordination of individuals to advance the interests of the state. It is important for totalitarian states to have a charismatic leader. This makes it easier for the party he stands for to gain power. The Nazis came as close as possible to becoming a totalitarian state in Germany. They operated under a policy of gleichschaltung which was controlling every aspect of the entire German populous. The totalitarian state of Germany was successful to the extent that they deterred any opposition from gaining momentum and promoted official ideology. They gained full control of political, social/economic and cultural power over their people. There were only a few minor factors that would stop it being completely totalitarian. One of these factors being that due to Germany not being self-sufficient it couldn’t function without the help of other countries who provided Germany resources. Another factor was that only a majority of the German populations approved of Hitler as their leader. In order for Germany to be considered a completely successful totalitarian state they must force all people to support them. The Nazi party failed to do this. Political Germany was dominated by one political party, the Nazi party. They established power with only 44% percent of the nation’s vote. The commitment to make decisions centralised and loyal to one leader (Hitler) strengthened the Nazis grip on a totalitarianism society. Hitler was focused on power gradually through 1933 and 1934. He did this in part by ordering Goeringâ€℠¢s SS and SA to launch assaults on any anti-Nazi parties. In February 1933 Communists were wrongly accused of starting a fire at the Reichstag that was seen as a signal for communist insurrection. Leading up to the elections in March 1933, thousands of communist officials were arrested under Hitler’s orders, In addition to this all communist and socialist newspapers were banned. Following the elections finishing Hitler transferred all the power that the Reichstag had to himself. He did this by excluding and arresting all communist deputies and made arrangements with the other parties. This then gave him the power to effectively overturn the German/Weimar constitution. When the Reichstag met, the communists did not dare attend. All 81 of the communist members of the Reichstag were expelled. All other MP’s were intimidated into giving Hitler the supreme powers to make and suspend laws. All major positions of power were now Nazi party members. The unions were replaced by the German labour front and opponents were imprisoned. Every single political party was abolished except for the Nazis. Germany had become a one party state. In a plebiscite held in November 1933 the results showed that 96. 3% of the population supported Hitler. It was in 1934 that Hitler began to turn on rivals within his party. The SA, led by Rohm, was considered too radical, ill-disciplined and working class by Hitler. Within the SA there were 3million members who believed Hitler owed them a debt for helping him in gaining power. They wanted a socialist programme to be implemented. It was believed by Hitler that if he did this, he would lose the support of the industrialists. The German army resented the SA and wanted them disbanded. Hitler made a deal with the army. This deal was that the army would support him if he eventually disbanded from the SA and began a policy of rearmament. On the 30th of June 1934 Rohm was found murdered along with 400 other â€Å"brown shirt leaders. This night is referred to as the night of long knives. The army along with the SS were now loyal to Hitler. On August 2nd 1934 Hindenburg died. This then gave Hitler the opportunity, which he took, to declare himself Fuhrer. The role of the Fuhrer was President, Chancellor and Commander in Chief all in one. All soldiers took an oath of allegiance to him personally. A plebiscite approved of this with 88. 93% of the vote. Th e Weimar Republic was over and the Third Reich about to begin. All media was controlled by the Nazis. Newspapers, radio stations, films obeyed and said what the Nazis told them to. A number of rallies were put on to emphasise just how strong Nazi Germany was. Goebbels was in charge of this and was also very successful. He was able to persuade people into believing that Hitler and the Nazis were right. All Nazi view points on everything were always emphasized. Groups opposing the Nazis such as socialist, communists, liberals, democrats, Jews and other group were targeted by the Nazis. All books were censored, over 2500 authors banned and many books burnt on the streets. Propaganda manipulated Hitler’s image very carefully so that he would be portrayed as a kind, hardworking man with simple tasks. The SS and Gestapo (secret police) acting under the orders of Himmler, made terror a regular occurrence and a matter of state policy. Any sort of opponents were beaten and regularly thrown into concentration camps. The power of the German police was considerable. The Gestapo were given unlimited powers. Any judges that did not support Nazi views were removed. There was an atmosphere of fear in Germany. The public were encouraged to report to police about their neighbours if they showed any signs of suspicious behaviour. German begun to turn into a law abiding country. Social/economic – one factor that contributed to Nazi totalitarianism was convincing the nation that the society that they had been living in was immoral, beyond reform and corrupt. It gave the impression of an alternative society where all these current wrongs would be addressed. The Nazis came into power as the working and middle classes had suffered through enormous economic hardships that had been brought on by the Great Depression that occurred in the late 1920’s and early 1930’s. This meant that they had a large following and popular support from all middle classes that were seeking to maintain the political and economic status quo. Nazi Totalitarian Ideology demanded total conformity by the people. Propaganda (controlled by Goebbels) supported this. Information was organised through control of radio and press. Cinemas and papers had to show pictures glorifying the Nazi movement. Education/schools were also used as a means of communication and control. Boy’s 10-18years old were sent to Hitler Youth, Girls 10-18 years old were sent to Hitler Maidens. School textbooks were re- written along Nazi lines. University professors were required to wear Swastikas amp; take an oath of allegiance to Hitler. Resources were monopolised by the state to try and control all aspects of public amp; private life. Labour Unions were abolished by decree on July 14 1933 and the Labour Front was set up. Employees were now forbidden to strike. The National Labour Law of Jan 20, 1934 allowed the state to exert direct control over all businesses employing more than 20 persons. Thus all employees amp; employers were under the direct control of the Nazi Government. Unemployment dropped from 6m in 1932 to 1m in 1936 due to conscription, large infrastructure projects and Jews and married women being forced out of jobs thus creating vacancies. A key economic factor which prevented the Nazi party from establishing complete totalitarian state was the fact that Germany was not fully self-sufficient. It continued to rely on other countries supplying it with important raw materials to assist Germanys industry. It was later considered a fact in Germany’s aggression towards opposing countries in the lead up to World War II. Cultural Germany’s culture was encouraged but only with certain elements. Any book that was considered to be unsuitable for the German public was burnt. The Nazis believed that the German Aryans were the superior race. The Aryan race had blue eyes and blonde hair. They especially hated Negroes and Jewish people. In September 1935 the Nuremburg Laws were passed which deprived Jews of German citizenship and forbade them from marrying Aryans. Children were taught during school to dislike these races. Conditions gradually got worse amp; worse for Jews (e. g. property confiscated, liberty deprived, safety endangered). Attacks on not only them but their property were always encouraged, such as the crystal night in 1938 where as many as 91 Jews were murdered during the brutal attacks. A further 30,000 were arrested and imprisoned into concentration camps around Germany. These attacks left the streets of Germany covered with broken glass from the windows of the Jewish owned buildings, synagogues and stores. Thousands of people left Germany and those that stayed were exposed to the final solution. The Nazi party were atheists but they still needed to come to terms with the churches of Germany. A concordat with the Pope (1933) gave the Catholics the freedom of worship, although the Nazis still interfered with Church teachings. The Protestants were subjected to close state control. Hitler appointed Pastor Ludwig Muller, a protestant, the Evangelical Bishop of the German Reich. Muller them amended all Christian teachings so that they could be in line with the Nazi ideals. If any Protestants openly protested or did not follow were sent to concentrations camps. Numerous brave leaders such as Bonheoffer and Meimaller spoke out against the Nazis. Due to these actions they were imprisoned and executed. The Nazi party also persecuted the undesirables. Anybody who they thought threatened the purity of the Aryan race whether it is gypsies, mentally ill or homosexuals. In 1939 a programme of euthanasia was introduced. Over 5000 children were killed and 71, 000 adults all under this programme. The majority of the German population approved of Hitler. This is a reason as to why Nazi Germany did not fully succeed in becoming a totalitarian state. True totalitarian states, as stated in the introduction, the people are forced to support the government no matter what. While in charge his government restored national pride and provided jobs. The brutality and force of the government wasn’t hidden from the public but instead was accepted by most. The propaganda constantly told them that the strength and force of power was necessary and the majority of the German public either accepted it, were unaffected by it personally or were just too scared to object it. The Nazi party had stressed how important the virtues of obedience and loyalty are. The rights of the German nation came before the rights of an individual. In summation, the Nazis did not fully succeed in establishing a totalitarian state in Germany in the years 1933 and 1939. They did however come as close as they could get. They deterred any opposition parties from gaining momentum and also outlawed them. They promoted ideology constantly. They gained nearly all control of political, social/economic and cultural power in Germany. Total control is what a totalitarian state is. They were not considered a fully totalitarian state as they still relied on other countries providing them with certain raw materials and were exposed to outside economic influences. Also, the fact that Nazi Germanys own population actually supported the Nazi party and were not forced or coerced to also showed that the state was not strictly totalitarian as per the definition. Bibliography: The Holocaust A Guide for Teachers 1990 gary. [emailprotected] com) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nazi_germany http://www. history. co. uk/explore-history/ww2/nazi-germany. html http://www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/jsource/Holocaust/naziregime. html http://alphahistory. com/nazigermany/ Dennett, Bruce. Nixon, Stephen. Key Features of Modern History. N. p. : Oxford UP, 2013. Print.

Running Head Leadership

Question: Using relevant theories and models critically evaluate and analyse the leadership of 21st century business leader. If you were in the position of the leader what you could do to be better leader and make a stronger impact on the followers and on the situation/s. Answer: The role of leaders and the influence on the organization cannot be undermined by any stretch of imagination. The better the leadership and management is the more are the opportunities for an organization to grow forward (Locke Latham 1990). Traits of the leader are the determinant for the better organization. The energy of the leader should be focused on determining the dissatisfaction levels of the employees. For the organizational change it is required that the dissatisfaction levels are channelized towards synergy of the organization. The vision of the leader and the charisma results in increasing the capacities (Kark Shamir 2013). However it has been noted that not all leaders possess same traits and they can be different or poles apart from one another. The traits that are generally associated with leaders can be charisma, confidence, trust, intelligence. For the particular study the Leadership of Bill Gates will be discussed and his role in creating company as big as Microsoft. Bill Gates has been a person that created the company from the scratch and became the Wealthiest and Richest Man of the planet. The dedication and the determination along with the leadership skills of Bill Gates will be the part of this study. The decisions taken by him as a leader and the thinking behind those decisions will form part of the analysis. The role of Gates as a Leader will be discussed in light of theories and models used in leadership. The study will then focus on the role of the student and what he could do differently if put in similar sort of situations will be the next portion of the task. Bill Gates Evaluation William Henry Bill Gates, commonly known as Bill Gates was born in the year 1955. From the very early stage the interest of Bill Gates was towards programming. Bill Gates studied in Harvard University but was not able to complete the graduation as he was in process of building the company Microsoft in 1975. The interest of Bill Gates for computer and his dedication became part of his leadership style. The hard working Bill Gates developed programmes of Basic at the initial stages of the computer evaluation. The company Microsoft had the underlying vision that remained focused on the future of the computers. Bill Gates was hard working as stated earlier and his innovative skills also led to the development of MS DOS. The copyright of MS DOS was taken by IBM that had approached Bill Gates for its development. In 1983, the company Microsoft and the status of Bill Gates as a entrepreneur increased considerably. This was the year when Windows were launched as the operating system. This is till date the best operating system available in the markets. The leadership of Bill Gates can be analyzed from the fact that his leadership gave Windows, DOS, and Internet Explorer web browser to the world. Leadership Traits of Bill Gates Bill Gates has been a man whose traits have been the mode of discussion by many researchers (Jager Ortiz, 1997). Bill Gates can be termed as a courageous leader due to the risks he took in co-founding Microsoft by dropping the studies in Harvard. Researchers have mentioned that his focus on the work has been phenomenal (Jager Ortiz, 1997). Other has mentioned that Bill Gates has been intelligent (Dorfman and Gupta, 2004). From the early stages in his life, Bill Gates has been intelligent. He used to write programmes concerning computers and even languages. The characteristics of Bill Gates as a leader will be studied on the basis of the theories. For a Leader to be influential the critical aspect is that can he imbibe the feeling of job satisfaction among the employees (Locke, 2005). The level of motivation is higher in the satisfied workers. These workers adopt the company policies and are likely to perform then the ones that are dissatisfied from the work. As discussed earlier the traits of the leader is determinant of the way the employees will work and the team will perform. Hertzberg Theory The theory of Hertzberg developed in the year 1959 is relevant in discussing about Bill Gates is because this theory is related to the job satisfaction. This opens the scope to discuss the role of Bill Gates as a Leader in ensuring job satisfaction. As per the theory there are various factors in the job that affect the performance of the person and his satisfaction in a different manner. While some factors result in satisfaction some other results in lowering the existing satisfaction among the employee. According to Herzberg (1964) the two factors are Hygiene factors and Motivational Factors. Hertzberg Theory, Hertzberg (1964) The theory mentions that the environment in which the employee work, affect the way they respond to the work. These are determined by the Hygiene factors. If the employees are given better environment to work and they are prevented from bad working conditions, it encourages them to perform. When the Hygiene factors are considered by the organization it results in the motivational factors. The employees become responsible, they believe in the achieving goals. Working environment and conditions also affected Bill Gates as he was motivated towards the work when the environment was better and working conditions were good (Jonathan-Eer, 2013). One way of motivating employees that Bill Gates used is to provide better working conditions for the employees. Although these are pacifying factors as per the theory it was utilized well by Bill Gates as a CEO. Highly satisfied individuals perform well in a team and have a lasting impact on the new employees. Apart from this bill Gates believes in ethical practices and policies including job security. Transformational Leadership Burns (1978) propounded the theory of Transformational Leadership. According to the theory the leaders job is to motivate the employee towards hard work. The motivation of the leaders helps the followers to attain the preset objectives. Bill Gates success cannot be attached to mere luck. Bill Gates used to remain involved with the computer programmes and statistics and was focused. This resulted in him becoming the youngest CEO Billionaire. Bill Gates qualities as a leader can be judged by his foresight towards the capabilities of the computer markets in future. Transformational leadership styles of Bill Gates can be judged by the fact that he remained concerned with the dynamic nature of the business he was a part off. New technological innovations and adapting environment was therefore part of his leadership styles. Leaders should be able to predict the environment both internal and external. Being inspirational is also an added advantage for Bill Gates. The goals setting by Bill G ates was done as he had the vision and knowledge to change the future. This inspired the team mates to work for Microsoft and be a part of the learning and contemporary process. Leader was already inspirational therefore the dedication of the team was improved due to this. The Transformational Leadership is judged by the fact that Bill Gates provided ideal working environment for the employees. The offices of Microsoft were designed for encouraging college campus like atmosphere. The idea behind the same was to create an environment which encourages innovative ideas (Beer Finnstrom, 2009). Gates has been sometimes called for as a harsh CEO, but that has been alongside the steps he has taken to generate a better work culture (Davenport, 2008). Better work culture improves the workplace motivation and the employees output improves from that. As Bass (1990) mentioned, Transformational leader possess qualities of Charisma, Inspiration, Soft corner towards the employees, and has Stimulating effect (Conger Kanungo, 1998). , (1990) It is critical to note that the behaviour of Bill Gates has at times been harsh as Davenport (2008) states, but that he says is required for the purpose of increasing the work place output and meeting the goals. The creation of MS DOS for IBM, when Bill Gates did not have the resources is a part of the goal oriented nature of him. Researches from Law et al. (2004) mention the significance of being emotionally intelligent. Bill Gates has also been termed as emotionally intelligent, that means that he cares for his employees and understands the requirements. Studies from Martins (2003) mention that the participative style of leadership brings organizational changes and this is resulting in the innovation in the working style. Bill Gates style is termed as participative as he involved people in the working decisions. Manager should be a part of the decision making and should pass on the relevant knowledge to his subordinates so that the work culture is improved. SARA Model Being in the dynamic industry of softwares and computers, the role of Bill Gates as a leader cannot be undermined. His role is inclined towards the SARA Model developed by Kubler Ross (1981). There are four stages for the resistance towards the change, as SARA signifies Shock, Anger, Rejection, and Acceptance. Firstly, the employees might see changes things as Shock, they can be Angry with the management for the changes in the regular working styles, the next stage is that of rejection, where the employees feel that the change initiative will bring things to normal or make them worse. The last stage of the SARA model is Acceptance. Bill Gates has been powerful leader as he stuck to the goals and allowed the employees to participate in the decisions. This means that the Shock and Anger had a very limited role to play in case of Microsoft. Meanwhile, acceptance stage also took less time than normal because that came with effective participation. Leading Differently Then Bill Gates Bill Gates has been termed as a person that has been authoritative at times in order to achieve the goals. Team management can be done differently than that. Had I been a Leading the organizational Microsoft, I would be more accommodative and increase the satisfaction levels of the employees. Satisfaction and increased motivation will result in the employees attrition to stay lower. This is required at the time of competition with newer technologies like Android. Authoritative style of functioning will result in the resentment. I would have used the technique of Group development. Although, leadership style of Bill Gates has been highly inspirational and successful (Singh, 2013). The policies should be dynamic in nature and should be in line with the vision of the leader. Conclusion The analysis on the leader of 21st century was done. The study took into account the life of Bill Gates as a leader. The study mentioned that Bill Gates remained hard working and stick to his goals that created the company like Microsoft. As a leader, the style of Bill Gates was authoritative sometimes and also participative. This means that the team value was given attention. The role of the managers in the decision making was considered and they were made to participate in the decision making. For the discussion of the Leadership style, theories and models were considered. First was the Hertzberg theory, as per the theory there are various factors in the job that affect the performance of the person and his satisfaction in a different manner. During his tenure as a CEO, Bill Gates has adopted pacifying factors to motivate the employees. The employees were provided working environment that was inspired from a college campus. This helped the employees to work in the best possible man ner and achieve the objectives set by the company. The discussion was then made on the Transformational Leadership style of working of Bill Gates. This can be judged by the fact that he remained concerned with the dynamic nature of the business he was a part off. New technological innovations and adapting environment was therefore part of his leadership styles. Overall the leadership of Bill Gates has been flawless. The adoption of the management styles can be molded by the young leaders a bit. Rather than adopting an authoritative style of functioning as a leader, it should be accommodative. This will bring new ideas on board and even the reluctance of a single person handling the innovation and brining new techniques will not be there. This means that the organization can grow at a much faster pace compared to normal. Employees motivation levels in such cases can be higher. References Bass, BM 1990, Bass and Stogdills Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications, New York: Free Press. Vol (3). Beer, M Finnstrom, M 2009, Developing an Engine for transforming your company, LIA, Vol 29 (5). Boyatzis, RE 2008, Competencies in the 21st century, Journal of Management Development, vol. 25(7), pp. 512 Burns, JM 1978, Leadership, Harper Row, New York. Conger, JA Kanungo, RN 1998, Charismatic Leadership in Organisations, Sage, Thousand Oaks, California. Daus, CS, Ashkanasy, NM 2005, The case for the ability-based model of emotional intelligence in organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 26(4), pp. 453-466. Davenport, H 2008, How to be the Next Bill Gates. Hertzberg, F 1964, The Motivation-Hygiene Concept and Problems of Manpower, Personnel Administrator, vol. 27, pp. 3-7. Jonathan-Eer, 2013, Leadership Online: Retrieved. Kark, R Shamir, B 2013, Addendum: empirical evidence supporting the dual level effects of transformational leadership, in Avolio, BJ Yammarino, FJ (eds.), Transformational and charismatic leadership, Emerald, Bungley, UK, pp. 103-110. Law, KS, Wong, C Song, LJ 2004, The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligence and its potential utility for management studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 89(5), pp. 483-496. Locke, EA Latham, GP 1990, Work Motivation and Satisfaction: Light at the End of the Tunnel, Psychological Science, vol. 1, pp. 240-246. Locke, EA 2005, Why emotional intelligence is an invalid concept. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 26(4), pp. 425-431. Martins, EC 2003, Building organizational culture that stimulates creativity and innovation. Eur J Innov Manag, vol. 6(1): pp.6474.